About
Immersive training experiences for surgeons are hampered by poor anatomical model fidelity and force feedback. Convincing synthesis of aesthetic and haptic elements can recreate the experiential aspects of task-based skills training for multimodal surgical methods like traditional open, keyhole or robotic surgery. This paper explores the technological precursors and manufacturing methodologies to recreating affordable, biofidelic surgical models realistic enough to facilitate risk-free training opportunities for trainee surgeons.

